The EU ETS is limited by a 'cap' on the number of emission allowances. Within the cap, companies receive or buy emission allowances, which they can trade as needed. The cap decreases every year, ensuring that total emissions fall.
Each allowance gives the holder the right to emit:
There are a number of great resources on the regulatory and practical aspects of the system – none better than the EU’s own:
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A02003L0087-20230605
https://climate.ec.europa.eu/eu-action/transport/reducing-emissions-shipping-sector_en
https://climate.ec.europa.eu/eu-action/eu-emissions-trading-system-eu-ets/what-eu-ets_en
October 27th, 2016 17:00 GMT by Jim Mulrenan London
Published in WEEKLY
Against a background of a challenging financial climate, the broker sees diversification as a potential solution and expects to see more clubs moving into the Lloyd’s market or even buying existing insurance operations.
“As long as the traditional investment market, be it government bonds or equities, are either paying a small interest or are very volatile, clubs have to look for other ways to invest their funds, and hull business is, in spite of strong competition, an obvious choice for the shipowner boards of the clubs. Therefore, we expect to see more of that,” said the broker.
Omni raises the question of whether the many clubs that now offer fixed premium cover are undermining their traditional mutual P&I business but comes to the conclusion it is not a real threat.
“If an owner wanted fixed cover, and he cannot get it with a [International] Group club, he will find it elsewhere. So, if the group clubs want to have a share of that business, they need to have a fixed premium facility. And we are not concerned about too many facilities being around, as it is an advantage, with strong competition, for the owner seeking fixed cover for his vessels,” declared Omni.
Omni also indicates it expects to see mergers in the P&I market in the not too distant future despite the failure of a bid to bring the Britannia and UK clubs together.
“We doubt if this will put off other club’s talking but it has highlighted the difficulties in bringing together two parties and members who have different ethos and underwriting philosophies,” said the broker.
But Omni appears hesitant to accept that mergers will lead to premium savings.
“There is some suggestion that such mergers of club’s might lead to reductions in premium for the members of between 5% to 10% but that remains to be seen, although a merger of two clubs should inevitably result in cost savings,” it added.
The broker welcomes the moderation of P&I clubs general increases and indicates it is among those expecting reductions on premiums already due.
“There is no good reason [for general increases] and we believe that most of the clubs will avoid general increases in the coming renewal and renew fleets on expiry terms. Many of the clubs have excellent reserves and with the favourable claims development we expect that more clubs will either return premium or abstain from calling the full estimated total call premium, as we have seen a few clubs do in recent years,” noted Omni. “We are still disappointed to see that there has been little impact on addressing the issue of release calls and we would like to see this ‘ball and chain removed or the percentage substantially reduced going forward,” added the broker.
Omni is an Istanbul headquartered broking group with an obvious interest in developments in the Turkish market.
The report highlights the commitment of Rotterdam-based RaetsMarine to the Turkish fixed premium market and says its approach recognises ongoing freight market difficulties. But British Marine, which withdrew from Turkey in 2011, is not showing any sign that it is interested in returning.
Omni is pleased with the progress that the relatively new Turk P&I insurance company is making, predicting that there will be 1,750 vessels on its books by the end of 2016.
The venture, which has the very favourable combined loss ratio of 25%, has been able to attract larger passenger vessels since raising its cover limit to $1bn in 2015.
From May this year it has also been writing hull and war risks insurance